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Ritual clowns, also called sacred clowns,〔Cazeneuve (1957) p.254 quotation: 〕 are a characteristic feature of the ritual life of many traditional religions,〔Jonathan Z. Smith (1995) ''The HarperCollins Dictionary of Religion '' pp.1093-1094〕〔Jones, Lindsay (2005) (''Encyclopedia of religion'', Volume 6 ), p.1498 quotation: 〕〔Cazeneuve (1957) p.242 quotation: 〕 and they typically employ scatology and sexual obscenities.〔〔Louis A. Hieb (1972) ''Meaning and Mismeaning: Toward an Understanding of the Ritual Clown'' In: Alfonso Ortiz (ed.) (1984) (''New Perspectives on the Pueblos'' ); pp. 163-195. quotation: 〕 Ritual clowning is where comedy and satire originated; in Ancient Greece, ritual clowning, phallic processions and ritual ''aischrologia'' found their literary form in the plays of Aristophanes.〔Reckford, Kenneth J. (1987) (''Aristophanes' Old-and-new Comedy: Six essays in perspective'' ) pp.449-51, 461-67 quotation: 〕〔Thomas H. Lewis (''The Medicine Men: Oglala Sioux Ceremony and Healing'' ) p.151〕〔Aristotle, in the ''Poetics'', famously mentioned ritual clowning (''phallika'') and said that it is where comedy and satire originated. ''Poetics'', 1449a-b quotation: 〕 Two famous examples of ritual clowns in North America are the ''Koyemshis'' (also known as ''Koyemshi'', ''Koyemci'' or ''Mudheads'') and the ''Newekwe'' (also spelled ''Ne'wekwe'' or ''Neweekwe'').〔Bonvillain, Nancy (2005)(''The Zuni'' ) pp.24-5〕〔Cazeneuve (1957) p.242 quotation: 〕 French sociologist Jean Cazeneuve is particularly renowned for elucidating the role of ritual clowns;〔Makarius, Laura (1970) ''Ritual Clowns and Symbolical Behaviour'' in Diogenes, March 1970 18: 44-73. Also collected in (Diogenes Issues 69-72 ), pp.52-3 quotation: 〕 reprising Ruth Benedict's famous distinction of societies into Apollonian and Dionysian, he said that precisely because of the strictly repressive (apollonian) nature of the Zuni society, the ritual clowns are needed as a dionysian element, a safety valve through which the community can give symbolic satisfaction to the antisocial tendencies.〔Revue (1960) p.118 quotation: 〕〔Cazeneuve (1957) p.244-5 quotation: 〕〔Durand (1960) p.421〕〔Durand (1984) p.106 quotation: 〕 The Koyemshis clowns are characterized by a saturnalian symbolism.〔 ==See also== *Cherokee Booger Dance *Contrary (social role) *Clown society *Crazy Wisdom (Buddhism) *Jester *Hopi Kachina Clowns *Peking Opera Clowns *Pueblo Clowns *Sin-eater *Zuni-Cibola Complex 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ritual clown」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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